Counseling Skills in Ethical Framework Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Counseling Skills in Ethical Framework Counseling entails talking therapy that enables an individual to discuss their problems or feelings in appropriate situation and confidential manner. One of the key counseling skills is empathy. Empathy puts the counselor in the situation of the client. Empathy enables the counselor to address the negative thoughts and feelings of the client. In some cases, counseling illustrates the general talking therapies; however, counseling can be considered a unique therapy type (Taylor, 2000). Examples of other therapies are; relationship therapy, psychotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Counseling entails the process where an individual temporarily occupies the counselor responsibility and provides time, respect and focus to another individual in the temporary role of the client. Counseling provides the client with the chance to explore approaches of living resourcefully for improved well-being (Brackett, 2005). Empathy entails the ability of recognizing emotions of another individual. For sympathy and compassion to be realized and individual must adequately empathize with the concerned individual. Empathy enables the counselor to understand the condition and position of the client. There are several issues that relate to empathy. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Skills in Ethical Framework or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The counselor must understand the private world of the client, and be comfortable with it. The counselor must temporarily put him/herself in the life of the client. The counselor must not judge the behavior or opinion of the client. The counselor must be able to communicate the situation of the client appropriately. During the counseling session the counselor should temporarily ignore his or her views, so as to fully concentrate on the situation of the client (Simon, 2009). Ethics is applied in counseling in several ways. Ethical diversity is analyzed through principles, moral values and finally principles. Ethics in counseling illustrates the accepted or appropriate standards of behavior in the society as counseling practitioners. In the counseling practice, there are five ethics sources; utilitarian, rights, virtue, common and fairness approaches (Banyard, 2002). Utilitarian approach illustrates that ethical behavior provides the least harm and greatest good. Increasing good, entails assisting clients overcome their life challenges and problems. Rights approach explains that ethical behavior protects the moral rights of individuals. Human beings need adequate levels of dignity, fairness and freedom in their lives. For example, clients during counseling sessions require confidentiality to be observed. This ensures enough protection of their human dignity (Cleckly, 2001). The client s and counselors must also observe privacy during counseling sessions . This is to ensure that no third party disrupts the session. Greek philosophers have championed the idea that individuals must always be treated equally; this ensures fairness standards are observed during counseling sessions. In a counseling facility, the procedures must be followed equally, to ensure justice for all clients. Common good improves the welfare or conditions of everyone (Rich, 2001). This may be through enacting laws that favor all members of the society. a good example is enactment of laws that enhance counseling services in correctional facilities. This ensures that inmates understand the acceptable behaviors in the society. The inmates will apply the appropriate behavior after leaving the correction facility. Virtue approach illustrate that ethical behavior is in line with ideal virtues existing in the society. The virtues enable people to achieve greater character potential through honesty, love, fairness and tolerance. There are two major types of empathy in counseling; affective or emotional empathy, and cognitive empathy. Affective empathy entails the capability of responding through proper emotions to the situation of others. This is very important for counselors, as it ensures effective understanding of the problem faced by the client. Cognitive empathy entails ability to understand perspectives of others. This enables the counselor to know the thoughts and opinion of the clients (Brackett, 2005). This creates an understanding counseling environment. Affective empathy is further classified into two; empathic concern and personal distress. Empathic concern illustrates compassion to other individuals due to level of suffering. Personal distress means self centered anxiety because of suffering of other people. Cognitive empathy is also divided into two; fantasy and perspective taking. Fantasy involves understanding fictional characters; while perspective taking enables understanding of psycholog ical perspectives (Vendemiati, 2004). The major ethical principles in counseling are justice and self respect. Self respect means that the practitioner must seek care and knowledge. This ensures his/her professional advancement. Justice entails ensuring fairness to all individuals seeking help, though observing human rights (Guy, 2014). The moral qualities needed by practitioners are competence, humility and integrity. Competence means using appropriate skills and experience to address the problems of clients. Humility means understanding the weaknesses and knowledge of self. Integrity ensures the counselor is moral in all aspects of the counseling process. The counseling values include; protecting human rights, enhancing integrity and appreciating human experience (Lafollette, 2014). Counseling helps the clients to overcome factors that results in pain or suffering. It provides safe environment for discussing difficult situations. The responsibility of the counselor is to respect and support the behavior and opinions of the clients. The practitioners assist the clients to get an understanding of their problems, and most appropriate solutions. Bibliography Banyard, P. (2002). Psychology in practice: Health. London, England: Hodder & Stoughton Educational. Brackett, W. (2005). â€Å"Emotional Intelligence and Relationship Quality. † Personal Relationships. Cleckly, H. (2001). The Mask of Sanity: an attempt to reinterpret the So-Called Psychopathic Personality. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Guy, C. (2014). The Ethics of Art. Valiz: Amsterdam. Lafollette, H. (2014). Ethics in Practice: An Anthology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Rich, D. (2001). The Hare Psychopath Checklist. Toronto: Multi Health Systems. Simon, B. (2009). "Autism: The Empathizing–Systemizing (E-S) Theory". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Taylor, S. (2000). â€Å"Health psychology. † American Psychologist. Vendemiati, A. (2004). In the First Person, an Outline of General Ethics. Rome, Urbaniana University Press.

A Detailed Lesson Plan In English - 1614 Words

A Detailed Lesson Plan in English (Reading) I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the pupils are expected to: a. State the sequence of the story b. Identify the different seasons describe c. Appreciate the story read II. Subject Matter Topic: The Tiny Seed Reference: Reading Network, pages 103- 108 Author: Delia Hamoy Soroy Materials: Charts, pictures III. Procedure A. Preparation Teacher’s Activities Pupils’ Activities 1. Energizer I have here a song entitled â€Å" Minicar â€Å". I’ll sing it first then afterwards we will sing it together. The song goes like this. Minicar(2x) Beep(3x) the minicar Stop and go(3x), the minicar Camera (2x) Click (3x) the camera Smile and pose (3x) to the camera B. Motivation Form 3 groups. Each group†¦show more content†¦One of the seeds that drifted down in this place died because of the hot temperature. Six seeds were remained. How would you describe the tiny seed as it flew? The tiny seed flew very low but the wind pushed it on with the others. But after a long trip, the wind finally stopped and the seeds including the tiny seed gently fell down on the ground. But what happened to one of the seeds? One of the seeds was eaten by a bird. Was it the tiny seed that was eaten? No Teacher! Very Good! That’s correct It was not the tiny seed because the tiny seed was too small for the bird to see. There were five seeds remained. Then winter came. After a long period of sailing on the wind, the seeds have finally settled down and they were covered by snow. What happened to one of the seeds? One of the seeds was eaten by a mouse for his lunch who also lived on that place. So, four seeds were remained. Spring came and snow has melted. The sun shone and rain fell. Therefore seeds started to develop into plants but the tiny seed hasn’t begun to grow yet. However there was a big fat weed that took all the sunlight and the rain. What happened to one of the little plants? One of the little plants died because the plant cannot catch rain and get sunlight because it was covered by a big fat weed. There were three seeds remained. After sometime, the tiny seed started to grow into a plant. Because it was summer, children were out to play. What happened as theyShow MoreRelatedDetailed Lesson Plan in English1110 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿A Detailed Lesson Plan in English (Grade 2) Prepared By: Yvonne T. Bautista I. Objectives At the end of a 30-minute period, the Grade II pupils will be able to: 1. Identify the use of the Three Degree of Comparison of Adjectives. 2. Describe persons, animals, places or things using The Three Degree of Comparison. 3. Appreciate the differences of every individual or thing in their daily lives. II. Subject Matter Three Degree of Comparison of Adjectives Reference/s: Teacher AngelynRead MoreA Detailed Lesson Plan in English 41400 Words   |  6 PagesA DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH IV I. Objectives 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph II. Subject Matter: 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word Verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph A. Materials: Visual Aids B. References: 1. BEC 2002 Handbook in English 2. Fun in English Reading 3. Fun in English languageRead MoreSample Detailed Lesson Plan in English for First Year10155 Words   |  41 Pagesparticipants over time will be part of an ongoing evaluation system that is an integral part of the instructional design process and the work of faculty, students, and administrators with interests in the instruction. 6. Metaevaluate the evaluation plan, process, and activities formatively and summatively on a continual basis to improve them while improving the evaluands. Summary. So, what does all this information about evaluation have to do with learning objects? How does the world of valuesRead MoreThe Effects Of Explicit Writing Instruction On The English Language Classroom1368 Words   |  6 PagesExplicit writing instruction combined with providing detailed and effective feedback is the driving force English language students need to be successful writers. Educators agree that written feedback is needed and should be applied with the intent of improving student’s writing skills. Unfortunately, educators and researchers often disagree on what written feedback method should be used, when students should be corrected and how often. In an effort to establish a widespread view on the subject,Read MoreCELTA ASSIGNMENT 3 Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagessome receptive sub-skills like skim-reading and reading for detailed comprehension (Harmer, 2006). Learners will be able to get general overview of the text through skim-reading and get i nto detailed reading the second stage. 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This is what is called lesson plans, and they are a very important part of keeping the class together and also help the teacher stay organized. There are many different ways in which one can set up their lesson plans, but it is very important to have them done the correct way rather than the wrong way to get the full benefit from them. I was able to find two different lesson plans that represent the correct way and also the wrong way. The correct oneRead MoreA Reflection On Methods And Materials900 Words   |  4 Pagesto be able to afford to take graduate courses in order to earn a master’s degree in education with a concentration in English Language Learners. As an ESL instructor, prior to joining the military, I had arrived at a career plateau. My hopes before taking this course were high. 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When Guy commented on September 13, after my first lesson, that I established a good rapport with the students and marked my performance onRead MoreEnglish Language Development Lesson Plan1494 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the English Language Development lesson plan (ELD), learning or developing English is the main objective, and it asserts that content can only be learned whe n one has developed their English language by use of rich content through grade-appropriate text. In addition, through this plan teachers usually teach the English language as a second language through a system that is differentiated according to English language development levels. In setting up a criteria for learning English as a second

Pomegranate story Free Essays

The internal rate of return was found to be In the range of 57-59 per cent which was much higher compared to the cost of capital (9. 5 percent) and hence highly profitable. Overall, the proposition of growing pomegranate crop was highly profitable as revealed by the financial feasibility tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Pomegranate story or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key words : Investment pattern, cost, returns, pomegranate Introduction per cent of the total area under pomegranate in the district. Hence, Chalkier and Hurry talk was specifically selected for the study. The top villages having larger area under pomegranate cultivation were selected. The Information on area under pomegranate crop and number of pomegranate growers from the selected villages was obtained from the respective village accountants (Total). A proportionate sample of ten per cent of the population from each village was selected randomly. Thus, the total size of the sample selected for the study was 120. The average age of the ample farmers in both talk was found to be 44 years and more than 50% farmers depended mainly on agriculture as their primary occupation. Around 25% tot tatters in the selected talks completed their primary education were as the per cent of illiterate farmer in the selected talks ranged from 12 to 15%. So far as size of family was concerned, it was found to be 7 members in family in both talks. The average size of holding of sample farmers was 2. 30 and 2. 89 ha and the average size of the pomegranate orchards was 1. 58 and 1. 47 ha in Chalkier and Hurry talks respectively. The varieties of pomegranate grown in the study area were Ganges or Baggy type. The range of age of bearing orchards was 4 to 15 years. The expected productive life span of pomegranate orchard as estimated by the respondents was 25 years. On an average plant population per ha was 375. For analyzing the data collected during the study, tabular analysis and financial analysis were employed. The technique Material and methods of tabular analysis was employed for estimating the investment Pomegranate cultivation is practiced throughout the district. Pattern, maintenance cost of pomegranate, pattern of labor However, the large scale litigation of pomegranate is use, yield and return structure of pomegranate etc. In order to concentrated mainly in Chalkier and Hurry talk extending know the relative profitability of investment in pomegranate on an area of 260 and 628 hectares and forming 20. 08 and 48. 42 cultivation measures of project evaluation namely. Pay Back * Part of M. Sc. (Agar. ) thesis submitted by the first author to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharma – 580 005, India Horticulture is a fast growing sector and expects comparatively lower requirements of water and easy adaptability to adverse soil and waste land situations. The productivity of fruits and vegetables is of vital importance as it provides higher cash income than cereals per unit of land. India is one of the leading countries in pomegranate production and more than 1. 32 lake hectare area is under cultivation presently. Out of this, nearly 94,000 hectare area is covered in Maharajah’s, which produces fruits of over 1 lake metric tones worth about RSI. 400 scores. In Chitchatted district of Karakas, where the study has been conducted pomegranate is being grown on commercial scale. The area under pomegranate in the district is 1297 ha (10. 9 % of total area under pomegranate in the state). Dry land horticulture is picking up fast in the district. The important horticulture crops grown in the district are pomegranate, Saputo, Beer and Papaya. Study of the economics of pomegranate production is indispensable since there is no proper farm business data on its cost of production. The accurate figures on establishment cost, operating cost a nd input requirement of pomegranate orchard could be of great help to the pomegranate growers of Chitchatted district in particular. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the investment pattern in pomegranate orchard and to compute the cost and returns in pomegranate litigation in Chitchatted district. 164 Karakas J. Agric. Sic. ,24 (2) : 2011 Period (BP), Net Present Value (NAP), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCC), and Internal Rate of Return (AIR) were computed. Results and discussion The cost of establishing a pomegranate orchard up to bearing can be broadly classified into establishment cost and maintenance cost. So, the establishment cost included not only the costs incurred in the zero years that is at the time of planting but also the costs incurred in maintaining the plants till the time of bearing that is up to three years tot planting. For establishing, pomegranate orchard investment NAS to e made on land, well, pump set, pump house, plant material, digging of pits and sprayer and these costs together constituted the material costs of establishment. These costs have to be invested during the year of establishment of the orchard and are considered as the costs incurred during zero year in the study. During next three years farmers has to maintain the orchard by applying fertilizers, manures, chemicals irrigation etc. The costs incurred by the farmers on all these items for the three years are grouped together as cost of maintenance. The total costs of establishment (Table 1) were found to be 1,90,888. 1 and 1,89,644. 33 per ha of which material costs constituted 56. 87 and 58. 15 per cent and maintenance costs 43. 13 and 41. 85 per cent in Chalkier and Hurry talk respectively. Similar results were obtained by Giuliani (1990) in his study of the pattern of investment in pomegranate orchards in Bujumbura district, Karakas. The establishment cost 24,229. 53) consisted of material cost in the initial year (85. 65) and maintenance cost (49. 35%) Upton bearing three years. The material cost included the value of land, plant material, cost of digging of pits and planting, well, pump set, pump house, and sprayer. The per hectare total establishment cost worked out to be 24, 224. 53 and returns per orchard was 45,429. 96. The maintenance cost (Table 2) as indicated in the results included the wages of labor as well as cost of materials utilized and fixed costs in Chalkier talk. It was observed that out of Table 1 . Investment pattern in pomegranate orchards SSL. No. Particulars total maintenance cost the major component was variable cost followed by material cost and fixed cost. Under the variable cost the labor cost formed an important cost accounting nearly 50 per cent of total maintenance cost, since the crops require Geiger amount labor involvement to prefer the important activity like loosening the soil around the trunk and formation of basin, watch and ward, pruning and training and land preparation etc. Among material cost the major component fertilizers, PC and manure. Since the pomegranate crop is responsively to nutrient and as well as in the recent year the diseases like bacterial blight and anthracnose have created lot of problem hence to control these diseases the farmers have been trying with different chemicals thus the expenses on these items were found to be higher. So far as fixed cost is concerned the rental value of land formed the major cost component and it is observed that because of the higher productivity of the land and crops which are higher profit fronted the farmers to go for renting of land for the production of pomegranate crops. Even for the farmer who has been entering this crop on their own land where imputed the rental value taking into consideration ongoing rental rate the cost worked out to be higher. Since the opportunity cost of land was taken into consideration for calculating the rental value of land,it was found to vary over the years. In Hurry talk, the maintenance cost (Table 3) included the wages of labor as well as cost of materials utilized and the fixed costs. It was observed that variable cost formed an important component followed by material cost and fixed cost. How to cite Pomegranate story, Papers

Relationship Between Organisational Structure and Culture Report

Question : (1) LO 1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Write a report on the importance of organisational structure and culture for the optimisation of organisational performance. Please include sections on the following in your report: a) Consider Atlantic Airway organisational structure and culture compare and contrast with its competitor structures and cultures (AC 1.1). b) Explain the relationship between Atlantic Airway organisations structure and culture and demonstrate the impact of these elements on the performance of the Atlantic Airway (AC 1.2). c) Discuss the factors internal or external which influence individual behaviour at Atlantic Airway working life, analyse through given examples (AC 1.3). Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. (2) LO 2 Understand different approaches to management and leadership Different leadership theories affect behaviour and motivation and are therefore useful tools for managers; evaluate their impact: a) Discuss the effectiveness of different type of leadership styles through compare the Atlantic Airway with competitors (AC 2.1). b) Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management in the Atlantic Airway (AC 2.2). c) Evaluate various management approaches through analyse the Atlantic Airway (AC 2.3). (3) LO 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Motivational theories are used in different ways in different organisations. Discuss their use in a report, giving examples: a) Discuss the impact the leadership styles impacts on motivation approach of Airway in periods of change (AC 3.1). b) Discus the different motivational theories on the Airway business operation and culture relation with its environment and support your discussion with some examples within other company (AC 3.2) c) Evaluate the applicability and usefulness of a motivation theory for manager of Atlantic Airway (AC 3.3). (4) LO4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. You have been asked to prepare a PowerPoint presentation as part of the recruitment process on understanding mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. a) Explain the structure of team and group behaviour Atlantic Airway (AC 4.1). b) Discuss factors (including internal or external) that may encourage or slow down the development of effective teamwork in Atlantic Airway (AC 4.2). c) Evaluate the impact of technology from various perspective on team working within the Atlantic Airway (AC 4.3). Answer : Introduction Organisational behaviour is the study of behaviour of groups and individuals within an organisation (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). It is concerned with the way overall performance and activities within an organisation are affected by human behaviour within a work environment. This assignment conducts an in-depth analysis of how organisational behaviour of Virgin Atlantic Airways affects its organisational structure, culture, leadership and overall performance. Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited founded in year 1984 is a British airline with its trading name as Virgin Atlantic and its head office in Crawley, West Sussex, England (Virgin Atlantic, 2015). It has more than 9,580 employees and in terms of passenger volume it is the seventh-largest airline of UK. Virgin Atlantic Airways has always faced British Airlines as one of its primary competitor in UK airlines industry. (1) LO 1 analysing the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1.1 Comparison between organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways with that of British Airways Organisational Structure The term organisational structure refers to the structural framework that determines hierarchical pattern within an organisation (Chambley, 2013). It defines the ways task allocation, coordination and other activities like supervision are carried out in order to achieve desired organisational goals. There are three main types of organisational structure namely; functional structure wherein organisations develop specific functional areas or departments on the basis of skills and specialisation and group their employees into specified functional areas (Baligh, 2006). This structure is comparatively easier to manage and control thus helps improving overall efficiency. However they fail if organisations lack effective communication within these functional areas. Divisional Structure wherein organisations create divisions on the basis of geography, product and services or market (Kortmann, 2012). All divisions run independently and are treated as separate entity. Thus failure of one divis ion has no impact on others however it results in duplication of functions. Matrix Structure which comprises of more than one reporting lines (Baligh, 2006). It allows managers to focus on specialisation however result in unnecessary conflicts. Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways are the two leading Companies of UK airline industry (Topham, 2014). They both operate globally and have a massive structure. Virgin Atlantic Airways have a functional structure wherein it has grouped its employees into different functional areas according to their skills and specialisation. They are a small organisation as compared to British Airways thus have developed a structure that is easy to manage and control. They are cost conscious thus prefer a dynamic structure that can be adapted to changing business needs. British Airways on the contrary has a formalised structure and is run by prcised rules and procedures. It has a somewhat divisional structure with reduced management layers between top executives and front liners. This structure helps British Airways in operating a massive organisation with wide global presence and ensuring that performance of each division is evaluated effectively. Organisational Culture The term organisational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs and norms of an organisation that help shaping the behavioural pattern of its employees (Schein, 2010). The main types of organisational culture are; power culture, task culture, role culture, people culture, entrepreneurial culture and bureaucratic culture (Pfister, 2009). There is a difference between the organisational culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways owing to the difference in their size and global operations. British Airways has a massive size and a comparatively wider global reach thus is run by strict rules and procedures. In order to retain its market position British Airways prefer to have a culture which displays characteristics of both role and task culture. It gives its employee enough opportunities to expand their learning and grow in other areas of specialisation as well. Virgin Atlantic Airways on the other hand has a culture which displays characteristics of both people and entr epreneurial culture. People are the heart of the organisation who is greatly concerned about their growth and development. It encourages its employees to realise their full potential and develop innovative ideas. 1.2 Relationship between organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways and how it affects the companys overall performance Organizational structure and culture of an organisational is greatly inter-related and help determining its the overall performance (Mullins, 2011). Structure of an organisation determines its culture which in turn inspires people to follow its structure (Murray, et al., 2006). It is essential to ensure that structure and culture of an organisation is selected in a way that it helps attaining overall performance objective. Organizational culture and structure should be developed keeping in mind the goals and purpose of the organisation (Kitchin, 2010). An organisation that aims at longevity will always adopt a tall organisational structure with role culture where people are expected to follow directions and show no creativity. However an organisation that is concerned about innovation will always adapt a flat structure with entrepreneurial culture which strives for creativity and innovation. Virgin Atlantic Airways has a functional organisational structure which is easy to manage and control. It is dynamic in nature thus can adapt to changing business needs. Its organisational culture is a mix of people and entrepreneurial culture thus making innovation and customer-orientation a key to its remarkable success. Its structure and culture encourage its employees to attain their full potential and delivery high level performance. There is natural warmth and friendliness that people experience within their work environment which they deliver to their customers(Virgin Atlantic, 2012). Thus, the perfect choice of organisational structure and culture at Virgin Atlantic Airways helps them in enhancing their overall performance effectiveness. 1.3 Internal and external factors that affect individual behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways working life Individual behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways working life is affected by both internal and external factors. Internal factors are also referred to as individual factors, some common internal factors include demographic factors, personality, traits, attitude, perception and skills and abilities of individuals working within the organisation (Fox, 2007). Some of the internal factors at Virgin Atlantic Airways are; diversified workforce, positive attitude of leaders and employees, openness that encourage employee to openly share their views, positive perception towards each other and the organisation, ample opportunities provided to employee who can realise their full potential and flexibility to attain a healthy work-life balance. External factors are also referred to as organisational factors and include factors like leadership, culture, job requirements, values and norms etc (Ranganayakulu, 2005). Richard Branson is known for his high positive energy that he transfers to his employees, Virgin Atlantic Airways has a culture that motivates people to deliver high results. The company is recognised for its core values and high customer-orientation. All these factors make Virgin Atlantic Airways as one of the best airlines to work with (2) LO 2 Management and Leadership approaches 2.1 Comparison of effectiveness of various leadership theories at Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways Leadership is defined as the process in which leaders create a vision and live by values that are in support of their vision, they possess the inherit charisma to inspire others and encourage them to live by value, they possess the ability to make tough decisions as and when demanded by the situation (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Leadership and management are two sides of the same coin and a balance between both is essential for the smooth functioning of the organisation. Leadership is about being people-oriented where employees are considered as an asset. Management on the other hand is task-oriented where employees are considered as mere machines. There are four main leadership theories namely; trait theory which states leaders are born not created (Bass Bass, 2009). Behavioural theory which focuses on leaders behaviour, based on which three types of leaders have been identified, autocratic leaders, democratic leaders and Laissez-faire leaders (Bass Bass, 2009). Contingency theory which suggests that leaders choice of leadership theory or style depends on situation and Power and influence theory which is concerned with how leaders use their powers and influence to get things done their way. Initially British Airways witnessed use of autocratic leadership style where complete decisions were made by top management and employees were expected to follow them. Contingency and power and influence leadership theory was also practiced in order to make employee more task oriented. This helped British Airways in surviving through though times. Leadership at British Airways has changed to more democratic and Laissez-faire where people are encouraged to provide input and participate in decision making. Virgin Atlantic Airways has witnessed use of democratic and transformational leadership style where people are expected to actively participate in decision making and realise their full potential. People are considered as primary asset of the company and deliver high quality performance. 2.2 How practice of management in the Virgin Atlantic Airways is underpinned by organisational theory Study of organisational theory is concerned with the study of structure of organisations (Ghemawat, 2008). There are four main types of organisational theories namely; Classical theory which is a mix of scientific management, administrative theory and bureaucratic theory; Human relations theory, Contingency theory and Modern system theory. A number of organisational theories underpin management practices in Virgin Atlantic Airways; however administrative theory and contingency theory are the two theories that govern their management practices. According to administrative theory management include planning, training, organising, coordination and commanding activities (Baligh, 2006). Contingency theory states that organisational relationships must change with change in external business environment in order to deliver high performance. Based on this Virgin Atlantic Airways has adopted a flexible and dynamic structure that can be changed with changing business needs. 2.3 Management approaches at Virgin Atlantic Airways Management approaches helps determining the overall performance of an organisation. There are four main types of management approaches namely; Classical which is goal oriented, human relations which is people oriented, system which is a mix of classical and human relations and contingency which is adapting to different approaches based on situation (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Virgin Atlantic Airways displays a human relations management approaches where it values its people above all rules and has a informal structure which provide enough flexibility to its employee who tend to deliver high quality performance. (3) LO 3 Using Motivational theories in organisations 3.1 Impact of leadership style on motivation of employees of Virgin Atlantic Airways in periods of change Effective leadership style is the key to effective change management and handling resistance to change (Holloway, 2014). Autocratic, democratic, bureaucratic, affiliative, transactional and transformational leadership style are the six most prominent leadership styles (Daft, 2014). Virgin Atlantic Airways owes its remarkable success to its leader Richard Branson who displays the use of democratic and transformational leadership style. Democratic leaders are also called as people-oriented leaders and are greatly concerned about their followers (Adair, 2009). Democratic leadership style encourages its followers to actively participate in decision making and choose their own ways of doing things. It is highly effective in motivating employees as they feel valuable and are engaged (Fairholm, 2009). Transformational leadership style encourages its followers to realise their full potential and display creativity at its best (Jr, 2005). It leads to high employee motivation as they are provi ded with ample opportunities and be a part of innovation. Thus, the application of effective leadership styles greatly enhances employee motivation at Virgin Atlantic Airways. 3.2 Different motivational theories applied within other airlines Motivated employees then to perform better which in turn result in increased organisational profitability (Herzberg, et al., 2011). Some of the most effective motivational theories applied by companies operating in airlines industry are; Frederick Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene Model: According to this theory job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is affected by two factors called motivators and hygiene (Miner, 2005). Motivators comprises of factors like work itself, promotions, advancement, recognition, feedback, roles and responsibilities etc (Luis, 2010). Hygiene include factors like companies rules and regulations, employee relationship, salary and incentives, work culture, job security etc. It is important to ensure that these factors are in place and work effectively in order to increase employee motivation. Fig.1.Source: Adair (2009) David McClelland's Three Social Motives: According to this theory need for affiliation, need for achievement and need for power are three main motivators within each individual which are greatly influence by work culture and life experiences (Odumeru Ogbonna, 2013). David McClellands Three Social Motives Fig.2.Source: Adair (2009) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: According to this theory every individual has a complex set of needs that can be arranged in a hierarchical pattern (Herzberg, et al., 2011). These needs when meet lead to high motivation. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Fig.3.Source: Adair (2009) 3.3 Usefulness of motivational theory for manager of Virgin Atlantic Airways Application of various motivational theories by managers of Virgin Atlantic Airways help them in developing a motivated work force who are ready to take the ownership of tasks assigned to them and work in coordination with each other to achieve desired organisational goals. Application of Frederick Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene theory helps ensuring that all hygiene factors are in place and work effectively (Graetz, et al., 2012). Virgin Atlantic Airways is not a pay master still employee love to be a part of it as it empowers its employee to use their creativity and openly share their views. They provide high job satisfaction which lead to high employee motivation. Application of David McClelland's Three Social Motives theory helps identifying the three motivators within individual employee and based on that they are allocated tasks and targets(Mukherjee, 2005). The company provide rewards and recognition to its employees and believing in promoting internal employees to leadership posi tions. Application of Needs hierarch theory helps in understanding the needs and future expectations of their employees better and providing them with roles that can help them achieve their goals(Mullins, 2011). All these theories help managers in keeping their employees motivated who deliver high quality performance. (4) LO 4 Developing effective teamwork in organisations 4.1 Structure of team and group behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways 4.2 Factors affecting development of effective teamwork in Virgin Atlantic Airways 4.3 Affect of technology on effective team work within Virgin Atlantic Airways Conclusion Organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways has enabled them in achieving their desired organisational goals and performance objectives. They have culture that leads to high employee motivation who in turn working in coordination with each other to deliver high customer satisfaction. Effective leadership style and management theories have helped them in achieving remarkable success in a very short span of time. Thus, the study of organisational behaviour is essential for smooth functioning of an organisation and its overall development. References Adair, J., (2009) Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M. Stephens, T., (2005) A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Baligh, H. H., (2006) Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Bass, B. M. Bass, R., (2009) The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Simon and Schuster. Blundel, R. Ippolito, K., (2008) Effective Organisational Communication: Perspectives, Principles and Practices. London: FT Prentice Hall. Chambley, J., (2013) Organisational Structures. [Online] Available at: https://businessstudiesjesschambley.blogspot.in/2013/06/organisational-structures.html[Accessed 2014]. Daft, R., (2014) The Leadership Experience. New York: Cengage Learning. Fairholm, M. R., (2009) Leadership and Organizational Strategy. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 14(1), pp. 1-16. Fox, W., (2007) Managing Organisational Behaviour. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Ghemawat, P., (2008) Reconceptualizing international startegy and organistaion. Strategic Organisation, 6(2), pp. 195-206. Graetz, F., Rimmer, M., Smith, A. Lawrence, A., (2012) Managing Organisational Change. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Hellriegel, D. John W. Slocum, J., (2011) Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B. B., (2011) The Motivation to Work. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Holloway, G., (2014) Change Management: New Words for Old Ideas. London: Xlibris Corporation. Jr, J. E. B., (2005) Motivation and Transactional, Charismatic, and Transformational Leadership: A Test of Antecedents. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), pp. 25-39. Kitchin, D., (2010) An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers. New Jersey: Routledge. Kortmann, S., (2012) The Relationship between Organizational Structure and Organizational Ambidexterity: A Comparison between Manufacturing and Service Firms. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Luis, R. V., (2010) Management skills and leadership techniques. London: Ideaspropias Editorial S.L.. Miner, J. B., (2005) Organizational Behavior: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Mukherjee, S., (2005) Organisation Management And Business Communication. New Delhi: New Age International. Mullins, L. J., (2011) Essentials of Organisational Behaviour. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Murray, P., Poole, D. Jones, G., (2006) Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Odumeru, J. A. Ogbonna, I. G., (2013) Transformational vs. Transactional Leadership Theories: Evidence in Literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), pp. 355-361. Pfister, J. A., (2009) Managing Organizational Culture for Effective Internal Control: From Practice to Theory. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Ranganayakulu, K., (2005) Organisational Behaviour. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers Dist. Schein, E. H., (2010) Organizational Culture and Leadership. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Topham, G., (2014) Richard Bransons domestic airline dream dies, but BA rivalry lives on. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/12/richard-branson-rivalry-british-airways-virgin-atlantic[Accessed 2015]. Virgin Atlantic, (2012) Culture. [Online] Available at: https://careersusa.virgin-atlantic.com/life-at-virgin-in-north-america/culture/[Accessed 2015]. Virgin Atlantic, (2015) About Us. [Online] Available at: https://www.virgin-atlantic.com/us/en/footer/about-us.html[Accessed 2015].

The American Civil War Essay Example Essay Example

The American Civil War Essay Example Paper The American Civil War Essay Introduction The American Civil War is a topic which many poets have addressed in verse. What separates Lowell’s ‘For The Union Dead’ from the scores of other Civil War poems is not only the complex interweaving of period and contemporary events in order to make a social commentary on change, which give the poem a strong modern-day resonance, but also the precise and polysemic lexis Lowell employs in order to link different timeframes.In 1964, four years after he first read ‘For The Union Dead’ in public, Lowell stated in a letter: â€Å"In my poem For The Union Dead, I lament the loss of the old Abolitionist spirit; the terrible injustice, in the past and present, of the American treatment of the Negro is the greatest urgency to me as a man and a writer.†. By describing the â€Å"loss† of such a spirit, Lowell also reveals what has replaced it in modern Boston; a vulgar fixation with consumerism. His juxtaposition of the unselfish and heroic sacrifi ce of Colonel Shaw and his all-black 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry against the moral decline of modern Boston, of a rose-tinted past against a dystopian present, is a continual theme in the poem. He describes the bronze monument celebrating their valour as â€Å"(sticking) like a fishbone in the city’s throat†, going on to state that the Colonel â€Å"is out of bounds now†; in both instances, Lowell alludes to the fact that the laudable values which the Colonel and his men stood for are ignored by modern society, that human nature has degenerated into crude materialism.This degeneration is shown further by Lowell’s disdainful description of the building of a garage beneath the Boston Common, which is owned by the people of Boston rather than the city itself. The construction of the garage in the 60s was subject to vehement and ultimately unsuccessful protest, as it was seen as an infringement of the people’s rights. The theme of immoral con sumerism recurs in this disdainful description: â€Å"Parking spaces luxuriate like civic sandpiles in the heart of Boston.† Lowell sees his city reduced to a plaything for childlike developers who have no thought for culture or heritage. Yet another example of this brazen consumerism is the reference to the Mosler Safe, which is advertised and glorified as a result of WWII. This is juxtaposed against the memorial, carelessly â€Å"propped by a plank splint†. This theme is not only applicable to Boston, but universally applicable; indeed, with the ever increasing emphasis on material wealth in modern life, the poem may have even greater relevance today. Through the universal applicability of its themes, then, Lowell’s poem demonstrates the â€Å"qualities of durability† which allows literary works to be widely deemed as â€Å"valuable†.In addition to this large-scale historical juxtaposition, there is a personal juxtaposition between the child Lowe ll and the adult Lowell, adding another layer of complexity to the poem as the factual and emotional interact with each other. The Aquarium is vital here, not only exhibiting the impermanence of the world we live in as modernisation propels human ‘advancement’, but showing how even within Lowell’s lifetime, the world has changed beyond recognition; the fish of his childhood are gone, and all that is left is the â€Å"bronze weathervane cod† which has â€Å"lost half its scales†; they have been replaced by â€Å"yellow dinosaur steamshovels. grunting. behind their cage† and â€Å"giant finned cars†. The replacement of the sentient fish from the Aquarium with these mechanical beasts of the modern era runs parallel to the aforementioned degeneration of human nature, and together they chart the disappearance of the world of Lowell’s childhood, as well as and Colonel Shaw’s lifetime. On a personal level as well, then, Lowell p ortrays the change which has come about in his lifetime with great pessimism. At this personal level, though, there are also elements of continuity within the different timeframes which Lowell describes melancholically. As a child he watches the fish behind the glass, as an adult he sees the â€Å"drained faces of school-children rise like balloons† through a television screen; in both situations he is frustrated by his own helplessness.Lowell also presents continuity regarding the fact that despite the American Civil War was won by the Abolitionists, segregation was still existent at the time of writing; he conveys disgust at the fact that while America’s fragile sense of heritage and culture is bulldozed in the name of technological ‘advancement’ (the steamshovels and cars), racism remains. The fact that the Boston Common garage is geographically close to the bronze memorial for the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers Infantry means that the link between the t wo is justified and founded in reality, the link being that although the garage would suggests advancement, it actually represents a backward step for Boston, and the memorial’s place in an America which still instigates segregation shows that America is still stuck in its prejudiced past. Lowell’s layering of images, juxtapositions and parallels across various timeframes, and the split between historical and personal, allows the poem to be a complex collection of ideas contributing to the same central twin destinations concerning inequality and transience. A â€Å"complex interweaving. of ideas† which denotes value, then, can be clearly identified in Lowell’s poem.Another feature of ‘valued’ literature, alongside complex ideas, is complexity in language and word choice. There can be little doubt that Lowell has chosen to place certain words in certain places in the poem, that he is a â€Å"craftsperson. in command of (his) writing†. E ven the opening line, the epigraph â€Å"Relinquunt Omnia Servare Rem Publicam† is an edited version of the epigraph on the actual memorial â€Å"Reinquit Omnia Servare Rem Publicam†. Lowell’s amendment turns â€Å"He gave up all to serve the Republic†, referring to Colonel Shaw into â€Å"They gave up all to serve the Republic†, referring to the entire 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Even in this minor adjustment, then, the central themes of racial equality is addressed, as well as the bravery of the soldiers which is so often acknowledged in Civil War poems. Evidence of Lowell’s conscious decision to select exact words can also be seen by the repetition of words within the poem, to either reinforce or contradict a point previously made. When describing his experience of the fish at the Aquarium, Lowell writes that his hand â€Å"tingled†, and when describing the Statehouse when the construction works for the garage are occurr ing, Lowell also says it is â€Å"tingling†. The former use of the word suggests vitality and excitement, whereas the latter use suggests both the literal and symbolic undermining of democratic values, of equality.The first line and the second to last line also utilise this repetition, this time â€Å"Servare† and â€Å"servility†. Here, Shaw’s civic courage, his noble defence of his beliefs and his country, is contrasted against the â€Å"savage servility† of the cars. â€Å"Savage servility† is a paradoxical description which highlights both the bleak, unfeeling, asocial nature of modern life and the undercurrent of menace which Lowell feels accompanies this modernisation. The placement of these juxtaposing words at the beginning and end of the poem serve to illustrate the change which Lowell works so hard to show the reader throughout the poem. A final and less obvious instance of such repetition comes, rather than at the beginning and en d of the poem, in a single sentence: â€Å"on Boylston Street, a commercial photograph/Shows Hiroshima boiling/over a Mosler Safe†. â€Å"Boylston† and â€Å"boiling† is not repetition in a strict sense; it is an example of assonance. Boylston Street is a major commercial centre in Boston, and so the avarice portrayed by the Mosler â€Å"Hiroshima boiling† advertisement is clearly mirrored by this hub of capitalism. It is evident, then, that Lowell has formed the poem with a meticulousness of the highest order, giving the poem a great deal of ‘value’.There is, however, a problem with the poem in terms of value. Lowell’s poem includes intimate details about Boston and the Civil War at the risk of alienating readers who are not familiar with either, for instance an English reader with no knowledge of the Civil War or Boston. The English reader would then have to research into the Civil War and Boston in order to understand the poem even at its most basic level. This could mean that the perceived value of the poem is diminished for this reader. Michael Foucault certainly holds this view, positing that all literary texts display â€Å"enunciative poverty†, in that they inevitably cannot convey full meaning or representation, and that â€Å"it is critics themselves. who repeat over and over the message which the text itself failed to tell†, that these critics make up for a poet’s lack of precision in craft.However, the ignorance of the reader cannot diminish the value of a poem; it is the reader’s responsibility to fill in gaps in their knowledge and thereby fully comprehend the value and complexity of the poem. Foucault also doubts that the writer is in complete control of the writing, arguing instead that certain â€Å"literary traditions. economic and literary pressures† influence the text. Again, if Foucault’s position is to be believed, this would show that Lowell is not a â€Å"craftsman. in command of (his) writing†, and therefore that his poetry is not ‘valuable’. However, while these pressures undoubtedly shape certain decisions concerning issues like structure and subject matter (for instance, the construction of the underground garage in the vicinity of the memorial and the on-going civil rights movement led Lowell to consider Colonel Shaw and his Infantry’s bravery and the futility of their sacrifice), the artistry and poetic technique exhibited by the poet requires a great deal of control. These pressures, if anything, form a vague outline of a work which must be defined and filled by the poet’s imagination; Lowell does this magnificently, using the intricate entwining of themes and ideas and precise word choice to create a work of true value. The American Civil War Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Presidents Commission on the Status of Women 1961-1963

President's Commission on the Status of Women 1961-1963 December 14, 1961 - October, 1963 While similar institutions with the name Presidents Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) have been formed by various universities and other institutions, the key organization by that name was established in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy to explore issues relating to women and to make proposals in such areas as employment policy, education, and federal Social Security and tax laws where these discriminated against women or otherwise addressed womens rights. Protecting Women's Rights Interest in womens rights and how to most effectively protect such rights was a matter of growing national interest. There were more than 400 pieces of legislation in Congress which addressed womens status and issues of discrimination and expanding rights. Court decisions at the time addressed reproductive liberty (the use of contraceptives, for instance) and citizenship (whether women served on juries, for example). Those who supported protective legislation for women workers believed that it made it more feasible for women to work. Women, even if they worked a full-time job, were the primary childrearing and housekeeping parent after a day at work. The supporters of protective legislation also believed that it was in societys interest to protect womens health including womens reproductive health by restricting hours and some conditions of work, requiring additional bathroom facilities, etc. Those who supported the Equal Rights Amendment (first introduced in Congress soon after women won the right to vote in 1920) believed with the restrictions and special privileges of women workers under protective legislation, employers were motivated to higher fewer women or even avoid hiring women altogether. Kennedy established the Commission on the Status of Women in order to navigate between these two positions, trying to find compromises that advanced the equality of womens workplace opportunity without losing the support of organized labor and those feminists who supported protecting women workers from exploitation and protecting womens ability to serve in traditional roles in the home and family. Kennedy also saw a need to open the workplace to more women, in order to have the United States become more competitive with Russia, in the space race, in the arms race - in general, to serve the interests of the Free World in the Cold War. The Commission's Charge and Membership Executive Order 10980 by which President Kennedy created the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women spoke for womens basic rights, opportunity for women, the national interest in security and defense of a more efficient and effective utilization of the skills of all persons, and the value of home life and family. It charged the commission with the responsibility for developing recommendations for overcoming discriminations in government and private employment on the basis of sex and for developing recommendations for services which will enable women to continue their role as wives and mothers while making a maximum contribution to the world around them. Kennedy appointed Eleanor Roosevelt, former US delegate to the United Nations and widow of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to chair the commission. She had played a key role in establishing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and shed defended both womens economic opportunity and womens traditional role in the family, so she could be expected to have the respect of those on both sides of the protective legislation issue. Eleanor Roosevelt chaired the commission from its beginning through her death in 1962. The twenty members of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women included both male and female Congressional representatives and Senators (Senator Maurine B. Neuberger of Oregon and Representative Jessica M. Weis of New York), several cabinet-level officers (including the Attorney General, the Presidents brother Robert F. Kennedy), and other women and men who were respected civic, labor, educational, and religious leaders. There was some ethnic diversity; among the members were Dorothy Height of the National Council of Negro Women and the Young Womens Christian Association, Viola H. Hymes of the National Council of Jewish Women. The Legacy of the Commission: Findings, Successors The final report of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) was published in October 1963. It proposed a number of legislative initiatives but did not even mention the Equal Rights Amendment. This report, called the Peterson Report, documented workplace discrimination, and recommended affordable child care, equal employment opportunity for women, and paid maternity leave. The public notice given to the report led to considerably more national attention to issues of womens equality, especially in the workplace. Esther Peterson, who headed the Department of Labors Womens Bureau, spoke about the findings in public forums including The Today Show. Many newspapers ran a series of four articles from the Associated Press about the commissions findings of discrimination and its recommendations. As a result, many states and localities also established Commissions on the Status of Women to propose legislative changes, and many universities and other organizations also created such commissions. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 grew out of the recommendations of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women. The Commission dissolved after creating its report, but the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women was created to succeed the Commission. This brought together many with a continuing interest in various aspects of womens rights. Women from both sides of the protective legislation issue looked for ways in which both sides concerns could be addressed legislatively. More women within the labor movement began to look at how protective legislation might work to discriminate against women, and more feminists outside the movement began to take more seriously the concerns of organized labor in protecting womens and mens family participation. Frustration with progress towards the goals and recommendations of the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women helped fuel the development of the womens movement in the 1960s. When the National Organization for Women was founded, key founders had been involved with the Presidents Commission on the Status of Women or its successor, the Citizens Advisory Council on the Status of Women.

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media - Essay Example The research study conducted by the major professional organizations of United States has uncovered several important and eye-opening facts about the effects of marketing valance upon the children. The report has been prepared by American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association and the American Psychological Association in which these professional organizations have claimed that the entertainment industry uses to intentionally market valance to the children and consequently the children have to face the deleterious and harmful effects of entertainment violence (Wilson, 2002). The marketing of violence to the children is not something new but the trend was initiated in 1984 when the marketing companies found that due to the deregulation of television by the Federal Communication Commission they have the open opportunity to directly market the toys and other products to the children through the medium of TV programs. The children programs also became commercialized and in turn the children also became an important growing consumer group strongly exploited by the media commercials (Huston, 1992). Along with the time, the essence of commercialism increased within the TV programs and children were offered with the toys directly replicas of the TV programs. The video games, movies and fighting cartoons became popular among the children and the media and toy manufacturing industry joined hands for marketing violence to the children through the toys, games and programs. The trend had very strong impacts upon the psychology and behaviours of the children. The parents mostly reported that they observe gradual change in the attitude of their children and now the children are mostly found more inclined towards violent programs. The nature and behaviour of the children has also changed a lot in the wake of violence marketing by the entertainment industry and the parents commonly complain about the increasing levels of aggression among their children (Huesman n, 2007). The children tend to be more vulnerable to the harmful effects of media violence because they could not understand the world like adults and soon believe whatever they see on the television programs and cartoons. The children don’t have the mental capabilities to think logically about the actions seen on the TV and they give attention towards the things they appear on the screen without realizing the difference between real and drama. The exposure to the violent act also makes them scared and at the same time they also strived to attempt the same things in their real lives as they see on TV. The excitement and power of the entertainment media limit their thoughts and they became addict of violent entertainment soon after having exposure of such programs (Wilson, 2002). The violence marketed through media has an obvious impact upon the personalities of the children and it changed the way they interact with the world and people around them. Since the children learn a lot from their play and other entertainment activities so the media violence also changes their attitude and social behaviours. They learn to attach others and through things upon them in order to show their power and strength to the world. They tend to

Government action invariably means a loss of individual liberty Essay

Government action invariably means a loss of individual liberty - Essay Example Before the War on Terror caused by the September 11 attacks, there was the War on Poverty by Lyndon B. Johnson which justified Federal government action. But a minority view is that government action does not invariably lead to a loss of personal liberties as government actions are mostly on matters of national concern such as a faltering economy and the countrys physical security against terrorism. People living in a modern and civilized society do so under the social contract which calls for the setting up of government system to maintain order and security for its citizens. In return for this, all people agree to surrender some of their rights implicitly in which originally free individuals give up some of their natural rights in favor of the social system or a political organization and be bound by the common laws and conventions being adopted. It is the very essence of a democracy in which people allow themselves to be governed to some extent but this does not necessarily equate into a loss of individual liberties. On the contrary, people living in democratic societies enjoy more freedoms than they would otherwise experience in other forms of government. Only people with evil intentions such as terrorists and economic saboteurs have reason to fear government intervention in their lives because that is precisely why government was set up in the first place and its functions include the assurance to citizens of their safety and general economic well being. What most of the critics against increasing Federal government authority cite most often are the threats to personal freedoms in which government intrudes into personal lives. People who abide by the laws impliedly contained in the social contract therefore have nothing to fear. In other words, people can go on with their lives with remarkably little governmental

Statement Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Statement Analysis - Assignment Example Taking reference of this concept, the present topic will focus towards the evaluation of the statements and answered questioners that have been provided by the two individuals who are charged with the allegation of stealing jewelry during their work hours. The details regarding this analysis have been provided below in an elaborated manner. As per general understanding, it can be stated that in the primitive section of the written statement the first convict elaborates a minute description about his identity and the organization for which he works. Subsequently, the convict also mentioned about the time he reached the Condominium building, which was pointed out to be 9:00AM. Till this part of his statement, no such evidence can be attained regarding him hiding any sort of information that finds alignment with the crime. Despite the refusal projected by the security guard in terms of opening more than one door at a time, the convict still went along in conversation with the other worker in order to convince the manager to permit the security guards to open more doors at a time so that the first worker can get the job done before. From a logical perspective, a doubt can be raised regarding the intention of the first convict in finishing the work before time irrespective of the fact that he could have worked in a steady p ace even if the security guard opened only one door at a time. This instance can be taken as a reference where the convict might have tried to conceive crucial information about the incident (Peterson et al., 2010). The later parts of the statements as provided by the convict appeared to be highly confusing. Within this section, the convict mentioned a chain of events that he did after his work such as having a meal, changing of clothes, going out to a mall for receiving a new ordered phone. In addition, he also stated that he was picked up by one of his friends who served in the army. At that very instance, he

Strategic Plan For The Chronicle Gazette

Strategic Plan For The Chronicle Gazette The goal of the consultant report is to indicating the problem of steady decline in subscriptions to the paid newspaper not only in metropolitan area and affecting the whole industry. Advertising revenue has also dropped due to advertiser had diverse their ads in different way such as TV broadcast, CNN, CCTV, Internet etc. This report is to offer the management of The Chronicle Gazette a strategic vision of where the newspaper publishing industry stands today and where it is headed over the next decade also propose strategies the newspaper can investigate to survive in the new business environment. State of the newspaper The Chronicle Gazette subscription had been fallen by 35% and also advertising revenues also dropped by 28% in past eight years. Refer to Newspaper Association of Americas, newspaper circulation had start declining from year 1993 and keep go on comparing with the index of 2008, there have around 22 % of circulation was gone. [Total Paid Circulation: Source: Editor and Publisher International Yearbook: http://www.naa.org/TrendsandNumbers/Total-Paid-Circulation.aspx, accessed on 1st Feb, 2010] For the advertising revenue have starting to share progressively with internet publishing during year 1997 and the proportion of the total advertising volume had kept increasing comparing with 1997 and 2005 data, there have around 13 times increase of Internet advertisement in volume. Also from the chart we can see the newspaper advertising revenue keep decreasing and Internet advertising revenue keep increasing simultaneity hence that Internet had absorb part of the lose in newspaper ads. [Advertising Expenditures: http://www.naa.org/TrendsandNumbers/Advertising-Expenditures.aspx, accessed on 1st Feb, 2010] [Online advertisement revenue:- http://www.brianmcdaniel.org/2009/04/06/will-online-ad-revenue-beat-newspapers-in-2011/, accessed on 1st Feb, 2010] According to The New York Times Company reports 2009 Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year Results, although the groups revenues had increased from 21.8% to US$36.3M from US$29.8M but look into the details on the advertising revenues had dropped around 25.3% to 30.2% compare with year 2008. The group major revenues income healthy gains in both Internet cost-per-click and display advertising and also in other form of digital advertising to offset the other lose. [New York Times Press Release: http://www.nytco.com/pdf/4Q_2009_Earnings.pdf, accessed on 13th Feb, 2010] Referring to the Newscorp 2009 annual report, we can indicate that all the media revenue and the operating income had dropped which may lead by Global economic recession reason. The data also showing that the newspaper industry had affected obviously including The Wall Street Journal the worlds leading business publication. The Wall Street Journal had diverse their business in different area such as enhancing their publishing and advertisement in digital ways and providing different type of subscription to attract more reader and also providing specific personalize information for particular group. Improving the quality of contents and report in more in-depth to build up reader loyalty and convenience. [http://www.newscorp.com/Report2009/media/Newscorp_2009_annual_report.pdf, accessed on 15th Feb,2010] Company objective 3.1 External assessment Economic downturn forced newspaper to cut costs due to massive revenues decline as a result of global economic downturn. In October 2008, advertising revenues from New York Times Media Group had dropped 15.3% as compare to the same period in 2007. Social and cultural have no much change recently as people are still willing to pay for newspaper and having circulations. According to the Newspaper Demographic Analysis, the daily and the Sunday readership allocation pattern are mainly focus on Adults over 55 since they can have more leisure time and get used to read newspaper every day. Demographics of American Newspapers pattern can classifieds as below:- The Wall Street Journal is read by the people who run the country. The Washington Post is read by people who think they run the country. The New York Times is read by people who think they should run the country and who are very good at crossword puzzles. USA Today is read by people who think they ought to run the country but dont really understand The New York Times. [http://bitsandpieces.us/2008/07/13/demographics-of-american-newspapers/, accessed on 2nd Feb, 2010] [http://sify.com/finance/economic-downturn-forces-us-newspapers-to-cut-costs-news-default-jeguQJbdihc.html , accessed on 2nd Feb, 2010] [http://www.nnnlp.com/newspaper-demographics/, accessed on 2nd Feb, 2010] Political arena is a large influence upon the regulation of newspaper press freedom of those reported content and the business trading agreements of the region or national or in the state and also for EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN if the newspaper will press outside the state. Economic factors such as the demand and supply or the newspaper industry in both short and long terms, market positioning and the pricing also need to be considered. Social and cultural influence the perception of the newspaper contents and acceptance and what can attract reader to increase the circulation, consider the time will the reader spend on reading that and the layout arrangement of those content and the ordering. Identify the role of men and women within the society and get used to concentrate the aim of selling those people. The main factor affecting newspaper industry is Technological force Internet and other digital media. Being with the digital age, most of the information had been merge or migrate into the virtual world Internet. People can easily found the information they required for simple a click; some of the information can be accessed by free. One of the major revenue incomes for newspaper industry is advertisement which currently affected by the new challenge of Internet advertisement. Advertiser had starting to switch their advertisement from the traditional print out on newspaper to other media like TV, Fall ads, Road show on the public transportation and the Internet web-site. Recently, the pop-up advertisements from the Internet web-site are quite popular and some of the major search engine and newspaper web-site had enrolled as well. At the mean time, that advertisement income revenue had keep increasing rapidly and become the major parts of earning for those companies. The major advantages of the online advertisement is the advertiser can sell their services or product in text mode, colorful graphic mode, animated flash graphic or even can record a short video clips with sound for attracting audiences and enhance their perception and image. Referring to the New York Times president and CEO Janet Robinson said their coming business strategy is to enhance their digital platform and planning to introducing a paid model for NYTimes.com in 2011 to create additional revenue stream. Hence that other competitor in newspaper industry is exploring other publishing media to maintain their robust advertising business and attracting other new business partners. Competitive Force Porter five force analysis:- [Source from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Porters_five_forces.PNG/800px-Porters_five_forces.PNG] Porters Five-Force model can be use to analysis the newspaper industrial competitive environment. Threat of new entrants of newspaper publishing can be define as low to medium since the scale economies in the production and sales of newspaper had took advantage by the major newspaper distributor. Some famous brand of advertisement will only post on the popular newspaper and never shown in others. Product differentiation cannot take part in it newspaper industry since the product itself is indifferent and non-standard one. The major entry barriers in newspaper industry is the entry capital is relative high although government have no or less barrier to such industry but the equipments such as camera, printing machines, video recorder are expensive. Also the benefits of associated in newspaper industry is low and also the current distribution channel is almost occupied by other major newspaper. The amount of daily copies is high so the cost per copy of the major newspaper is low and its hard to compete with them. Small entrepreneurs have difficulty obtaining supermarket shelf space for their publishing because large retailers charge for space on their shelve and gave priority to the established publishers that can pay for the advertising needed to generate high customer demand. Switching cost is low since the readers had build up loyalty with the current subscribed newspaper and take comfortable of their printing layout and its hard for them to switch to read another newspaper easily. Bargaining power of customer is relative high since there have many other sources to get information from others like Internet, free newspaper which distribute on the street or cafà © and also from train station. Also its un-different and non-standard product which reader can easily found another similar product in the market like NY Times, WSJ, etc. Customer affect an industry through their ability to force down prices and inter-related because they purchases a large proportion of the newspaper and they have potential to integrate backward of the newspaper contents. Alternative vendors of newspaper are plentiful because newspaper is standard or undifferentiated, customer can choose among many newspaper providers and switching to read other newspaper cost is very little or zero. Once the paid newspaper is unimportant to the final quality and customer can be easily substituted it with free newspaper distribute among on the street daily so it make The Chronicle Gazette revenue keep de clining. Bargaining power of suppliers can be classified as medium to high since the important input for issuing newspaper like paper and ink supplier is dominated by a few companies only buy they sells to many. Meanwhile paper, ink and printing factory are unique which had built up a strong relation in between thus switching costs existed. Supplier are able to integrate forward or backward compete directly with their present customers like newspaper company can forward to investee in newspaper or other publishing firm or vise verse. Threat of substitute product can classify as high since we may notice that the up-trend of online publishing a rapidly increase and the cost-performance ratio comparing with traditional print out newspaper are relatively low and also the content update are most in time and interact. According to Michael Porter, Substitute limit the potential returns of an industry by placing a ceiling on the prices firms in the industry can profitably charge. Extent that switching cost is low so substitutes may have strong effect on industry. Customer are switching they platform to read the news from traditional paper printed newspaper to the online version or other free distribute newspaper and sharing the profit in the industry. Rivalry among industry is high since we may note that the newspaper industry wide revenue trend is down and not only in The Chronicle Gazette, it also affects New York Times, WSJ as mentioned. Referring to the New York Times Company 2009 Full-year report, their total revenues were down 11.5% which show that the top U.S. newspaper is also affected by economic recession and also the new internet revolution. Some type of competition such as price cut is typically highly destabilizing are likely to erode the average level of profitability in newspaper industry like Apply Daily firstly launch in HK and just sell at $2 when other traditional selling at $5 which erode the whole industry profitability. [Internet user trend :-http://www.c-i-a.com/internetusersexec.htm, accessed on 15th Feb,2010] 4. Internal assessment 4.1. Organizational processes and structure 4.2. HR capabilities Publisher The publisher is responsible for all of the operations procedure of the newspaper in both editorial team and business team. The main duties and aim of the publisher is to monitor that the newspaper run financially healthy and smoothly. Editor The editor is responsible for all the content of the editorial newspaper and monitoring the budgets and cash spent by the editorial and other supplementary of the newspaper. The publisher and editor usually is the same person. Editorial page editor The editorial page editor is responsible for the editorial page, supplementary page and also the op-ed page for the newspaper. Those pages are the letter printed on the editorial pages like letters to the editor, columns by syndicated columnists and guest columns by local people or oversea senders. Managing editor The managing editor is the person who handle and monitor the day-to-day newspaper production and also for the online version as well. City Editor The city editor also called the metro editor whom is in charge of the news coverage of the metro-area in which the newspaper is located or distributed. This position is the most important staff for collecting and analysis the news happened in that area. The city editor usually got the largest portion of staff and assigns most of the local news reporters within a organization. Chief copy editor The chief copy editor is in charge of the newspapers copydesk. The people on the copydesk read news stories and sometimes stories from other sections like through internet to make sure they are written according to the newspapers industry standards legally. The chief copy editor can make the final decisions about the copy contents and who is in charge of the staffing of the desk. Copy editor The copy editor especially well trained to read the stories that other have written and make sure they conform to the rules of grammar and style. A copy editor also performs headlines writing and performs other duties that help produce the newspaper every day. Photo editor The photo editor is not a photographer although he/she is often the case that the photo editor is a promoted from photographer previsely. Photo editor assign photographers and helps select the most outstanding photos that the newspaper will prints. Photographer The photographer takes pictures of local or oversea news events for the newspaper. Photographer have a variety of assignments each day. Larger newspapers have sports photographers focusing on those event. But in order to cut cost, most newspapers photographer will assigned to shoot not only sports stories and sometime will assign for special event shooting.. Graphics editor The graphics editors is the head of the graphics department sometimes also the art department. This editor is in charge of all of the graphics and illustrations produced for the newspaper and online version. Graphic reporter The graphic reporter perform researches and designs informational graphics that support news stories for the newspaper. A graphic reporter is an expertise in graphic forms as well as 3D flash animated graphic and must be able to associate the information that can be used to build graphics. Reporters Reporters are assigned to all the sections of the newspaper to gather news from anywhere. They gather information about events and subject that the newspaper editors had choose to cover. Reporters must know how to find the useful information, skill for interview people, professional sight for observe events and write the information they gather in a way suitable to the paper. 4.3. Financial position Revenues are down across the board caused by information is now freely available to the public through the internet. Traditionally news and advertisement are mainly publish in newspaper since newspaper is the major source for getting news around the state or worldwide and also including the advertisement. But nowadays, those information can be freely access through internet and to be more up-to-date information can be reach easily in many other interacted presentation like real time camera of the news location, promoting product with movie clip and sound demonstration and also for example mobile phone, manufacturer starting to use Flash 3D to model the real phone with all feature for reader to try out the new feature and functions of the phone in order make purchasing interest. Advertising market had being share with Internet and other media like television pay TV etc 4.4. Marketing/sales capabilities The recent marketing trend switching to publish news and other advertisement through Internet and other interactive media. Sales revenue source had switch from newspaper copy to internet base in recent few years. Referring to the New York Times 2009 annual report, newspaper advertising revenues had dropped dramatically and lucky they had develop an online version and trying to adopt the loses from newspaper advertisement and luckily they had get successful reflected by their annual report. The Chronicle Gazette already had a sales team for handling customer advisement and we only have to restructure those them and make necessary investment on those equipments required for digitalize publishing through Internet or television. Sales capabilities are possible as Chronicle Gazette got strong customer base and both parties had need to keep abreast of the latest technology and also can adopt another segment of customer in order to widen the vision and services base. Also its the only way can make survival in this industry as its the trend of the coming future. 4.5. Operational capabilities Operational capabilities can be viewed by value-chain analysis to determine the competitive advantage of Chronicle Gazette, since Chronicle Gazette is a leading newspaper in a major metropolitan area and reaching paid circulation of 225,000 customers and ranked as first-rate newspaper over the years which mean they had built up a strong loyalty with reader. Considering the outbound logistics which approach the newspaper can be distribute on time to the retailer and also can deliver the internet version simiutainstly for subscriber. Inbound logistics like material- paper and ink can deliver to printing factory on time to reach Just-In-Time production is the aim. Operation can be make more efficient like utilize the use of Internet and E-mail to deliver the reports and photos to central office for press release in order the shorten the time and cost. Quality of the reported contents and advertisement must be reviewed by chief editor before press release, organize a clear workflow for e ach department to avoid any job duplicate and make it work with procedure smoothly. Currently Chronicle Gazette have no online version, IT capability require to implement and fund may require for investage in IT equipments like servers, internet access, web-site designer and cam-recorder etc., security issues may also need to consider since some confidential and privacy content may easily expose through internet and somehow each subscriber got different limits of access authority which related to their payment level or country. 4.6. Strengths and weaknesses Here is the SWOT analysis listed the evaluation of those opportunities and threats in the business environment. Strengths Opportunities Stay at the leading newspaper in major metropolitan area. High circulation rate and won awards for their hard work over the years. Loyalty built up with readers. Traditionally style enjoyed with readers. Setup online version to compete with other newspaper. Providing discount subscription fee for online user to attract customer. Weaknesses Threats No online version of newspaper. No animated graphic and video clip features. Release time restriction due to its printed material. Insufficient on online publishing experience. Online page layout may not be accepted by old customer. High investment for IT equipments. 5.) Marketing Strategy Recently Chronicle Gazette only sold at retail stores, counter and shop which covered in major metropolitan area and being a leading first-rated newspaper in those area. Providing web based newspaper for online subscription with discounted price. Providing some free news headline to attract customer and web-surfer to read in-depth and make them hungry for details thereby to become a subscriber. Also offering classified subscription for subscriber to select what they want to see and removing other unwanted news materials by their account. Setting up a loyalty program for contact base subscription such as subscribe for 2 years will have 20% discount and 1 year with 10% discount offer from Chronicle Gazette. The 24 hours online version of Chronicle Gazette can be update periodically like 2 to 3 hours for the latest news which can have additional photos and video clips for more details. In order to take care of the blind people, vocal news report can be also available in the online version. Customize page layout can be personalize to display what they want in the main page and also welcome for subscriber to provide suggestion and new for the editor. Student subscription in very attractive price and arrange delivery service to their school after the peak hour so that we can utilize the uses of our transportation team and also can maintaining worker have available job to draw the social responsibility out. Additional student supplement post can be attached which those report can be directly related to student or submit by school tutor and student. Q A forum and some education quiz can be containing in the supplement for enhancing the knowledge of student. Meanwhile we can provide the market requirement for specialist and business trend analysis for student to plan their future job direction. Those attractive package offered to student can build up loyalty and attract them for subscription after graduated. Strengthen with the connection with Newspaper Association of America for those domestic and oversea newspapers, commercial radio and television broadcasts which have a great opportunity for corporation. Those representative can share the hardship in their group and other organization may providing suggestion and experience to get survival. All sales strategies through this multi-channel/direction approach with different price strategies can utilize our current asset and production capacity and showing that we have care in all level of people. 6. Steps for The Chronicle Gazette to deal with challenges The step for The Chronicle Gazette might take in order to deal with the challenges can have the following:- Short-term plan which react within one year: Implement the online version of chronicle Gazette and consult with I.T. specialist for setting up the first release. Investigate on those equipments and make necessary funding and financial plan. Strengthen the current Sales Marketing team to adopt the new challenges and providing I.T. training and explanation for all staffs. Reduce the redundant staffs and suggesting early retirement for elderly staff with attractive scheme. Promoting saving of office electricity, paper and other equipments and cut some un-necessary expense from staff which will not affect their normal report activities and operation. Promoting direct sales of the newspaper with delivery service together with the discount price. Attracting more customers for pre-payment to increase the company cash flow for further implementation. Introducing the coming online version and interactive advertisement for old and current advertiser and show them the coming trend and advantage for those advertising media and plan for coming development. Launching a free copy version to increase the customer base and coordinate with advertiser to providing their product discount coupons to achieve win-win situation. Increasing the content of the newspaper such as putting additional recruitment ads, Buy sell, student special column etc to widen the reader base. Distributing the newspaper oversea with localize news and report which seek for a way to develop oversea market. Contact those colleges and university to promoting student version newspaper with supreme discount price with delivery service to increase the reader base and build up the future loyalty. Long-term plan which react for two to five years: Review all the department staff job nature and review their education background and working experience to evaluate their job performance and provide necessary opportunity to increase his/her productivities. Aim to cut down the operating expense by 10% to 30% gradually. Re-structure the organization and management team to work more efficiency and know how to work smart in all level of staff. Increase more customer base through different media like the online version and distribute version. Also trying to sell the newspaper for oversea customer. Special free newspaper distribute in crowd business area like Metro, Headline to attract customer/readers. Advertisement revenue may increase in such distributing channel. Enhancing the online version of Chronicle Gazette with fully graphic base and containing real time video news report. Online translated version can be enjoyed by different country people. Vocal version can be implementing for blind people and showing how we approach to take the social responsibility. Attracting different advertising agent and provide them for continuously advertisement placement with discounted price. New report topic and keep expanding into state-wide and foresee the trend to entry to worldwide market instead of regional newspaper. Employing some young people for form a young group for innovation, brave topic publishing. Closely work with the young people trend in order to think and make creation for sharing with readers. Both short term and long term strategies need to implement together which can help Chronicle Gazette to gain back to lose portion of revenues and develop many other income source. I.T. affect not only in the newspaper industries and it affect the entire world already. Currently we stay with information age which most information can be found easily through internet so we must provide reader a correct way and attitude to analysis that information and to recognize the validity. 7. Conclusion Chronicle Gazette revenue downturn due to the losses of the advertising income. Advertiser switching their advertise media from the traditional newspaper to other broadcasting and Internet. In order to capture the lose market share, Information technology required to implement for online version of newspaper and capture back the advertiser to use or service and wide distribution channel. Both short term and long term strategies plan are helpful to make Chronicle Gazette survive and even getting better than before. Keep an eye for the market trend and innovation is the key point to make the business success. To broaden sources of income and reduce expenditure are already true to make the business more successful.

The Bill of Rights Essay examples -- Politics Political Civics

The Bill of Rights After the Revolution, the States adopted their own constitutions, many of which contained a Bill of Rights. The Americans still faced the challenge of creating a central government for their new nation. In 1777 the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781. Under the Articles, the states retained their â€Å"sovereignty, freedom and independence,† while the national government was kept weak and inferior. Over the next few years it became evident that the system of government that had been chosen was not strong enough to completely settle and defend the frontier, regulating trade, currency and commerce, and organizing thirteen states into one union. So in the summer of 1787 delegates from the twelve states convened in Philadelphia to draft a new Constitution. They proposed a strong national government that would assume many of the powers previously imposed upon the states. (1) â€Å"No sooner than had the Continental Congress laid the proposed Constitution before the people for ratification, † Irving Brant writes, â€Å"than a cry went up: it contained no Bill of Rights.†(2) People objected because the liberties they had fought for in the Revolution were not being protected by the Constitution, and then could be ignored by the federal government. The Anti-Federalist called for another convention to outline a Bill of Rights before the Constitution was approved. The Federalist, fearing that the progress would unravel completely, urged immediate ratification. With the understanding of a Bill of Rights to follow later. Eventually the Federalist prevailed. By 1788, eleven states had ratified the Constitution. Six states , however, sent Congress proposals for amendments, modeled on their state constitutions and designed to protect individual rights. James Madison realized that the public desire for a Bill of Rights could not be ignored. In 1789, after reviewing the state proposed amendments and the state Bill of Rights to be considered by Congress, he proposed nine amendments to be considered by Congress for insertion into the text of the Constitution. After deliberation, debate, and some alterations, the House and Senate voted to add the amendments on the end of the Constitution and sent twelve amendments to the states for ratification. Only ten of theses were ratified and from those are what we kno... ...l want to be protected and assured of our freedoms and rights and don’t like it when those rights are threatened. The initial Constitution and Bill of Rights wasn’t written to include everyone in the rights and freedoms of citizens. And it was seen then that our needs as a nation would change and these documents would need to be able to expand and grow with the country. The Bill of Rights has been one of the corner stones that we as Americans have enjoyed and taken for granted for the many years since its creation. The rights granted to us in the Bill of rights are the same right many people of the world are still fighting for even to the very day. We as Americans have become so accustom to having these rights we often take these rights for granted. There is no way of denying it’s historical significance, if you just stop and try and imagine your life without your freedoms and rights. These freedoms are what makes this country what it is and it also allows the people within the United States to enjoy the freedom dreamed about by the founders of this country as well. But as a country of whole, we take our rights and freedoms that our ancestors fought for, for granted.