Counseling Skills in Ethical Framework Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Counseling Skills in Ethical Framework Counseling entails talking therapy that enables an individual to discuss their problems or feelings in appropriate situation and confidential manner. One of the key counseling skills is empathy. Empathy puts the counselor in the situation of the client. Empathy enables the counselor to address the negative thoughts and feelings of the client. In some cases, counseling illustrates the general talking therapies; however, counseling can be considered a unique therapy type (Taylor, 2000). Examples of other therapies are; relationship therapy, psychotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Counseling entails the process where an individual temporarily occupies the counselor responsibility and provides time, respect and focus to another individual in the temporary role of the client. Counseling provides the client with the chance to explore approaches of living resourcefully for improved well-being (Brackett, 2005). Empathy entails the ability of recognizing emotions of another individual. For sympathy and compassion to be realized and individual must adequately empathize with the concerned individual. Empathy enables the counselor to understand the condition and position of the client. There are several issues that relate to empathy. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling Skills in Ethical Framework or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The counselor must understand the private world of the client, and be comfortable with it. The counselor must temporarily put him/herself in the life of the client. The counselor must not judge the behavior or opinion of the client. The counselor must be able to communicate the situation of the client appropriately. During the counseling session the counselor should temporarily ignore his or her views, so as to fully concentrate on the situation of the client (Simon, 2009). Ethics is applied in counseling in several ways. Ethical diversity is analyzed through principles, moral values and finally principles. Ethics in counseling illustrates the accepted or appropriate standards of behavior in the society as counseling practitioners. In the counseling practice, there are five ethics sources; utilitarian, rights, virtue, common and fairness approaches (Banyard, 2002). Utilitarian approach illustrates that ethical behavior provides the least harm and greatest good. Increasing good, entails assisting clients overcome their life challenges and problems. Rights approach explains that ethical behavior protects the moral rights of individuals. Human beings need adequate levels of dignity, fairness and freedom in their lives. For example, clients during counseling sessions require confidentiality to be observed. This ensures enough protection of their human dignity (Cleckly, 2001). The client s and counselors must also observe privacy during counseling sessions . This is to ensure that no third party disrupts the session. Greek philosophers have championed the idea that individuals must always be treated equally; this ensures fairness standards are observed during counseling sessions. In a counseling facility, the procedures must be followed equally, to ensure justice for all clients. Common good improves the welfare or conditions of everyone (Rich, 2001). This may be through enacting laws that favor all members of the society. a good example is enactment of laws that enhance counseling services in correctional facilities. This ensures that inmates understand the acceptable behaviors in the society. The inmates will apply the appropriate behavior after leaving the correction facility. Virtue approach illustrate that ethical behavior is in line with ideal virtues existing in the society. The virtues enable people to achieve greater character potential through honesty, love, fairness and tolerance. There are two major types of empathy in counseling; affective or emotional empathy, and cognitive empathy. Affective empathy entails the capability of responding through proper emotions to the situation of others. This is very important for counselors, as it ensures effective understanding of the problem faced by the client. Cognitive empathy entails ability to understand perspectives of others. This enables the counselor to know the thoughts and opinion of the clients (Brackett, 2005). This creates an understanding counseling environment. Affective empathy is further classified into two; empathic concern and personal distress. Empathic concern illustrates compassion to other individuals due to level of suffering. Personal distress means self centered anxiety because of suffering of other people. Cognitive empathy is also divided into two; fantasy and perspective taking. Fantasy involves understanding fictional characters; while perspective taking enables understanding of psycholog ical perspectives (Vendemiati, 2004). The major ethical principles in counseling are justice and self respect. Self respect means that the practitioner must seek care and knowledge. This ensures his/her professional advancement. Justice entails ensuring fairness to all individuals seeking help, though observing human rights (Guy, 2014). The moral qualities needed by practitioners are competence, humility and integrity. Competence means using appropriate skills and experience to address the problems of clients. Humility means understanding the weaknesses and knowledge of self. Integrity ensures the counselor is moral in all aspects of the counseling process. The counseling values include; protecting human rights, enhancing integrity and appreciating human experience (Lafollette, 2014). Counseling helps the clients to overcome factors that results in pain or suffering. It provides safe environment for discussing difficult situations. The responsibility of the counselor is to respect and support the behavior and opinions of the clients. The practitioners assist the clients to get an understanding of their problems, and most appropriate solutions. Bibliography Banyard, P. (2002). Psychology in practice: Health. London, England: Hodder & Stoughton Educational. Brackett, W. (2005). â€Å"Emotional Intelligence and Relationship Quality. † Personal Relationships. Cleckly, H. (2001). The Mask of Sanity: an attempt to reinterpret the So-Called Psychopathic Personality. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Guy, C. (2014). The Ethics of Art. Valiz: Amsterdam. Lafollette, H. (2014). Ethics in Practice: An Anthology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Rich, D. (2001). The Hare Psychopath Checklist. Toronto: Multi Health Systems. Simon, B. (2009). "Autism: The Empathizing–Systemizing (E-S) Theory". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Taylor, S. (2000). â€Å"Health psychology. † American Psychologist. Vendemiati, A. (2004). In the First Person, an Outline of General Ethics. Rome, Urbaniana University Press.

A Detailed Lesson Plan In English - 1614 Words

A Detailed Lesson Plan in English (Reading) I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the pupils are expected to: a. State the sequence of the story b. Identify the different seasons describe c. Appreciate the story read II. Subject Matter Topic: The Tiny Seed Reference: Reading Network, pages 103- 108 Author: Delia Hamoy Soroy Materials: Charts, pictures III. Procedure A. Preparation Teacher’s Activities Pupils’ Activities 1. Energizer I have here a song entitled â€Å" Minicar â€Å". I’ll sing it first then afterwards we will sing it together. The song goes like this. Minicar(2x) Beep(3x) the minicar Stop and go(3x), the minicar Camera (2x) Click (3x) the camera Smile and pose (3x) to the camera B. Motivation Form 3 groups. Each group†¦show more content†¦One of the seeds that drifted down in this place died because of the hot temperature. Six seeds were remained. How would you describe the tiny seed as it flew? The tiny seed flew very low but the wind pushed it on with the others. But after a long trip, the wind finally stopped and the seeds including the tiny seed gently fell down on the ground. But what happened to one of the seeds? One of the seeds was eaten by a bird. Was it the tiny seed that was eaten? No Teacher! Very Good! That’s correct It was not the tiny seed because the tiny seed was too small for the bird to see. There were five seeds remained. Then winter came. After a long period of sailing on the wind, the seeds have finally settled down and they were covered by snow. What happened to one of the seeds? One of the seeds was eaten by a mouse for his lunch who also lived on that place. So, four seeds were remained. Spring came and snow has melted. The sun shone and rain fell. Therefore seeds started to develop into plants but the tiny seed hasn’t begun to grow yet. However there was a big fat weed that took all the sunlight and the rain. What happened to one of the little plants? One of the little plants died because the plant cannot catch rain and get sunlight because it was covered by a big fat weed. There were three seeds remained. After sometime, the tiny seed started to grow into a plant. Because it was summer, children were out to play. What happened as theyShow MoreRelatedDetailed Lesson Plan in English1110 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿A Detailed Lesson Plan in English (Grade 2) Prepared By: Yvonne T. Bautista I. Objectives At the end of a 30-minute period, the Grade II pupils will be able to: 1. Identify the use of the Three Degree of Comparison of Adjectives. 2. Describe persons, animals, places or things using The Three Degree of Comparison. 3. Appreciate the differences of every individual or thing in their daily lives. II. Subject Matter Three Degree of Comparison of Adjectives Reference/s: Teacher AngelynRead MoreA Detailed Lesson Plan in English 41400 Words   |  6 PagesA DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH IV I. Objectives 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph II. Subject Matter: 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word Verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph A. Materials: Visual Aids B. References: 1. BEC 2002 Handbook in English 2. Fun in English Reading 3. Fun in English languageRead MoreSample Detailed Lesson Plan in English for First Year10155 Words   |  41 Pagesparticipants over time will be part of an ongoing evaluation system that is an integral part of the instructional design process and the work of faculty, students, and administrators with interests in the instruction. 6. Metaevaluate the evaluation plan, process, and activities formatively and summatively on a continual basis to improve them while improving the evaluands. Summary. So, what does all this information about evaluation have to do with learning objects? How does the world of valuesRead MoreThe Effects Of Explicit Writing Instruction On The English Language Classroom1368 Words   |  6 PagesExplicit writing instruction combined with providing detailed and effective feedback is the driving force English language students need to be successful writers. Educators agree that written feedback is needed and should be applied with the intent of improving student’s writing skills. Unfortunately, educators and researchers often disagree on what written feedback method should be used, when students should be corrected and how often. In an effort to establish a widespread view on the subject,Read MoreCELTA ASSIGNMENT 3 Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagessome receptive sub-skills like skim-reading and reading for detailed comprehension (Harmer, 2006). Learners will be able to get general overview of the text through skim-reading and get i nto detailed reading the second stage. 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This is what is called lesson plans, and they are a very important part of keeping the class together and also help the teacher stay organized. There are many different ways in which one can set up their lesson plans, but it is very important to have them done the correct way rather than the wrong way to get the full benefit from them. I was able to find two different lesson plans that represent the correct way and also the wrong way. The correct oneRead MoreA Reflection On Methods And Materials900 Words   |  4 Pagesto be able to afford to take graduate courses in order to earn a master’s degree in education with a concentration in English Language Learners. As an ESL instructor, prior to joining the military, I had arrived at a career plateau. My hopes before taking this course were high. 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When Guy commented on September 13, after my first lesson, that I established a good rapport with the students and marked my performance onRead MoreEnglish Language Development Lesson Plan1494 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the English Language Development lesson plan (ELD), learning or developing English is the main objective, and it asserts that content can only be learned whe n one has developed their English language by use of rich content through grade-appropriate text. In addition, through this plan teachers usually teach the English language as a second language through a system that is differentiated according to English language development levels. In setting up a criteria for learning English as a second

Pomegranate story Free Essays

The internal rate of return was found to be In the range of 57-59 per cent which was much higher compared to the cost of capital (9. 5 percent) and hence highly profitable. Overall, the proposition of growing pomegranate crop was highly profitable as revealed by the financial feasibility tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Pomegranate story or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key words : Investment pattern, cost, returns, pomegranate Introduction per cent of the total area under pomegranate in the district. Hence, Chalkier and Hurry talk was specifically selected for the study. The top villages having larger area under pomegranate cultivation were selected. The Information on area under pomegranate crop and number of pomegranate growers from the selected villages was obtained from the respective village accountants (Total). A proportionate sample of ten per cent of the population from each village was selected randomly. Thus, the total size of the sample selected for the study was 120. The average age of the ample farmers in both talk was found to be 44 years and more than 50% farmers depended mainly on agriculture as their primary occupation. Around 25% tot tatters in the selected talks completed their primary education were as the per cent of illiterate farmer in the selected talks ranged from 12 to 15%. So far as size of family was concerned, it was found to be 7 members in family in both talks. The average size of holding of sample farmers was 2. 30 and 2. 89 ha and the average size of the pomegranate orchards was 1. 58 and 1. 47 ha in Chalkier and Hurry talks respectively. The varieties of pomegranate grown in the study area were Ganges or Baggy type. The range of age of bearing orchards was 4 to 15 years. The expected productive life span of pomegranate orchard as estimated by the respondents was 25 years. On an average plant population per ha was 375. For analyzing the data collected during the study, tabular analysis and financial analysis were employed. The technique Material and methods of tabular analysis was employed for estimating the investment Pomegranate cultivation is practiced throughout the district. Pattern, maintenance cost of pomegranate, pattern of labor However, the large scale litigation of pomegranate is use, yield and return structure of pomegranate etc. In order to concentrated mainly in Chalkier and Hurry talk extending know the relative profitability of investment in pomegranate on an area of 260 and 628 hectares and forming 20. 08 and 48. 42 cultivation measures of project evaluation namely. Pay Back * Part of M. Sc. (Agar. ) thesis submitted by the first author to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharma – 580 005, India Horticulture is a fast growing sector and expects comparatively lower requirements of water and easy adaptability to adverse soil and waste land situations. The productivity of fruits and vegetables is of vital importance as it provides higher cash income than cereals per unit of land. India is one of the leading countries in pomegranate production and more than 1. 32 lake hectare area is under cultivation presently. Out of this, nearly 94,000 hectare area is covered in Maharajah’s, which produces fruits of over 1 lake metric tones worth about RSI. 400 scores. In Chitchatted district of Karakas, where the study has been conducted pomegranate is being grown on commercial scale. The area under pomegranate in the district is 1297 ha (10. 9 % of total area under pomegranate in the state). Dry land horticulture is picking up fast in the district. The important horticulture crops grown in the district are pomegranate, Saputo, Beer and Papaya. Study of the economics of pomegranate production is indispensable since there is no proper farm business data on its cost of production. The accurate figures on establishment cost, operating cost a nd input requirement of pomegranate orchard could be of great help to the pomegranate growers of Chitchatted district in particular. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the investment pattern in pomegranate orchard and to compute the cost and returns in pomegranate litigation in Chitchatted district. 164 Karakas J. Agric. Sic. ,24 (2) : 2011 Period (BP), Net Present Value (NAP), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCC), and Internal Rate of Return (AIR) were computed. Results and discussion The cost of establishing a pomegranate orchard up to bearing can be broadly classified into establishment cost and maintenance cost. So, the establishment cost included not only the costs incurred in the zero years that is at the time of planting but also the costs incurred in maintaining the plants till the time of bearing that is up to three years tot planting. For establishing, pomegranate orchard investment NAS to e made on land, well, pump set, pump house, plant material, digging of pits and sprayer and these costs together constituted the material costs of establishment. These costs have to be invested during the year of establishment of the orchard and are considered as the costs incurred during zero year in the study. During next three years farmers has to maintain the orchard by applying fertilizers, manures, chemicals irrigation etc. The costs incurred by the farmers on all these items for the three years are grouped together as cost of maintenance. The total costs of establishment (Table 1) were found to be 1,90,888. 1 and 1,89,644. 33 per ha of which material costs constituted 56. 87 and 58. 15 per cent and maintenance costs 43. 13 and 41. 85 per cent in Chalkier and Hurry talk respectively. Similar results were obtained by Giuliani (1990) in his study of the pattern of investment in pomegranate orchards in Bujumbura district, Karakas. The establishment cost 24,229. 53) consisted of material cost in the initial year (85. 65) and maintenance cost (49. 35%) Upton bearing three years. The material cost included the value of land, plant material, cost of digging of pits and planting, well, pump set, pump house, and sprayer. The per hectare total establishment cost worked out to be 24, 224. 53 and returns per orchard was 45,429. 96. The maintenance cost (Table 2) as indicated in the results included the wages of labor as well as cost of materials utilized and fixed costs in Chalkier talk. It was observed that out of Table 1 . Investment pattern in pomegranate orchards SSL. No. Particulars total maintenance cost the major component was variable cost followed by material cost and fixed cost. Under the variable cost the labor cost formed an important cost accounting nearly 50 per cent of total maintenance cost, since the crops require Geiger amount labor involvement to prefer the important activity like loosening the soil around the trunk and formation of basin, watch and ward, pruning and training and land preparation etc. Among material cost the major component fertilizers, PC and manure. Since the pomegranate crop is responsively to nutrient and as well as in the recent year the diseases like bacterial blight and anthracnose have created lot of problem hence to control these diseases the farmers have been trying with different chemicals thus the expenses on these items were found to be higher. So far as fixed cost is concerned the rental value of land formed the major cost component and it is observed that because of the higher productivity of the land and crops which are higher profit fronted the farmers to go for renting of land for the production of pomegranate crops. Even for the farmer who has been entering this crop on their own land where imputed the rental value taking into consideration ongoing rental rate the cost worked out to be higher. Since the opportunity cost of land was taken into consideration for calculating the rental value of land,it was found to vary over the years. In Hurry talk, the maintenance cost (Table 3) included the wages of labor as well as cost of materials utilized and the fixed costs. It was observed that variable cost formed an important component followed by material cost and fixed cost. How to cite Pomegranate story, Papers

Relationship Between Organisational Structure and Culture Report

Question : (1) LO 1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Write a report on the importance of organisational structure and culture for the optimisation of organisational performance. Please include sections on the following in your report: a) Consider Atlantic Airway organisational structure and culture compare and contrast with its competitor structures and cultures (AC 1.1). b) Explain the relationship between Atlantic Airway organisations structure and culture and demonstrate the impact of these elements on the performance of the Atlantic Airway (AC 1.2). c) Discuss the factors internal or external which influence individual behaviour at Atlantic Airway working life, analyse through given examples (AC 1.3). Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. (2) LO 2 Understand different approaches to management and leadership Different leadership theories affect behaviour and motivation and are therefore useful tools for managers; evaluate their impact: a) Discuss the effectiveness of different type of leadership styles through compare the Atlantic Airway with competitors (AC 2.1). b) Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management in the Atlantic Airway (AC 2.2). c) Evaluate various management approaches through analyse the Atlantic Airway (AC 2.3). (3) LO 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Motivational theories are used in different ways in different organisations. Discuss their use in a report, giving examples: a) Discuss the impact the leadership styles impacts on motivation approach of Airway in periods of change (AC 3.1). b) Discus the different motivational theories on the Airway business operation and culture relation with its environment and support your discussion with some examples within other company (AC 3.2) c) Evaluate the applicability and usefulness of a motivation theory for manager of Atlantic Airway (AC 3.3). (4) LO4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. You have been asked to prepare a PowerPoint presentation as part of the recruitment process on understanding mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. a) Explain the structure of team and group behaviour Atlantic Airway (AC 4.1). b) Discuss factors (including internal or external) that may encourage or slow down the development of effective teamwork in Atlantic Airway (AC 4.2). c) Evaluate the impact of technology from various perspective on team working within the Atlantic Airway (AC 4.3). Answer : Introduction Organisational behaviour is the study of behaviour of groups and individuals within an organisation (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). It is concerned with the way overall performance and activities within an organisation are affected by human behaviour within a work environment. This assignment conducts an in-depth analysis of how organisational behaviour of Virgin Atlantic Airways affects its organisational structure, culture, leadership and overall performance. Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited founded in year 1984 is a British airline with its trading name as Virgin Atlantic and its head office in Crawley, West Sussex, England (Virgin Atlantic, 2015). It has more than 9,580 employees and in terms of passenger volume it is the seventh-largest airline of UK. Virgin Atlantic Airways has always faced British Airlines as one of its primary competitor in UK airlines industry. (1) LO 1 analysing the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1.1 Comparison between organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways with that of British Airways Organisational Structure The term organisational structure refers to the structural framework that determines hierarchical pattern within an organisation (Chambley, 2013). It defines the ways task allocation, coordination and other activities like supervision are carried out in order to achieve desired organisational goals. There are three main types of organisational structure namely; functional structure wherein organisations develop specific functional areas or departments on the basis of skills and specialisation and group their employees into specified functional areas (Baligh, 2006). This structure is comparatively easier to manage and control thus helps improving overall efficiency. However they fail if organisations lack effective communication within these functional areas. Divisional Structure wherein organisations create divisions on the basis of geography, product and services or market (Kortmann, 2012). All divisions run independently and are treated as separate entity. Thus failure of one divis ion has no impact on others however it results in duplication of functions. Matrix Structure which comprises of more than one reporting lines (Baligh, 2006). It allows managers to focus on specialisation however result in unnecessary conflicts. Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways are the two leading Companies of UK airline industry (Topham, 2014). They both operate globally and have a massive structure. Virgin Atlantic Airways have a functional structure wherein it has grouped its employees into different functional areas according to their skills and specialisation. They are a small organisation as compared to British Airways thus have developed a structure that is easy to manage and control. They are cost conscious thus prefer a dynamic structure that can be adapted to changing business needs. British Airways on the contrary has a formalised structure and is run by prcised rules and procedures. It has a somewhat divisional structure with reduced management layers between top executives and front liners. This structure helps British Airways in operating a massive organisation with wide global presence and ensuring that performance of each division is evaluated effectively. Organisational Culture The term organisational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs and norms of an organisation that help shaping the behavioural pattern of its employees (Schein, 2010). The main types of organisational culture are; power culture, task culture, role culture, people culture, entrepreneurial culture and bureaucratic culture (Pfister, 2009). There is a difference between the organisational culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways owing to the difference in their size and global operations. British Airways has a massive size and a comparatively wider global reach thus is run by strict rules and procedures. In order to retain its market position British Airways prefer to have a culture which displays characteristics of both role and task culture. It gives its employee enough opportunities to expand their learning and grow in other areas of specialisation as well. Virgin Atlantic Airways on the other hand has a culture which displays characteristics of both people and entr epreneurial culture. People are the heart of the organisation who is greatly concerned about their growth and development. It encourages its employees to realise their full potential and develop innovative ideas. 1.2 Relationship between organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways and how it affects the companys overall performance Organizational structure and culture of an organisational is greatly inter-related and help determining its the overall performance (Mullins, 2011). Structure of an organisation determines its culture which in turn inspires people to follow its structure (Murray, et al., 2006). It is essential to ensure that structure and culture of an organisation is selected in a way that it helps attaining overall performance objective. Organizational culture and structure should be developed keeping in mind the goals and purpose of the organisation (Kitchin, 2010). An organisation that aims at longevity will always adopt a tall organisational structure with role culture where people are expected to follow directions and show no creativity. However an organisation that is concerned about innovation will always adapt a flat structure with entrepreneurial culture which strives for creativity and innovation. Virgin Atlantic Airways has a functional organisational structure which is easy to manage and control. It is dynamic in nature thus can adapt to changing business needs. Its organisational culture is a mix of people and entrepreneurial culture thus making innovation and customer-orientation a key to its remarkable success. Its structure and culture encourage its employees to attain their full potential and delivery high level performance. There is natural warmth and friendliness that people experience within their work environment which they deliver to their customers(Virgin Atlantic, 2012). Thus, the perfect choice of organisational structure and culture at Virgin Atlantic Airways helps them in enhancing their overall performance effectiveness. 1.3 Internal and external factors that affect individual behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways working life Individual behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways working life is affected by both internal and external factors. Internal factors are also referred to as individual factors, some common internal factors include demographic factors, personality, traits, attitude, perception and skills and abilities of individuals working within the organisation (Fox, 2007). Some of the internal factors at Virgin Atlantic Airways are; diversified workforce, positive attitude of leaders and employees, openness that encourage employee to openly share their views, positive perception towards each other and the organisation, ample opportunities provided to employee who can realise their full potential and flexibility to attain a healthy work-life balance. External factors are also referred to as organisational factors and include factors like leadership, culture, job requirements, values and norms etc (Ranganayakulu, 2005). Richard Branson is known for his high positive energy that he transfers to his employees, Virgin Atlantic Airways has a culture that motivates people to deliver high results. The company is recognised for its core values and high customer-orientation. All these factors make Virgin Atlantic Airways as one of the best airlines to work with (2) LO 2 Management and Leadership approaches 2.1 Comparison of effectiveness of various leadership theories at Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways Leadership is defined as the process in which leaders create a vision and live by values that are in support of their vision, they possess the inherit charisma to inspire others and encourage them to live by value, they possess the ability to make tough decisions as and when demanded by the situation (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Leadership and management are two sides of the same coin and a balance between both is essential for the smooth functioning of the organisation. Leadership is about being people-oriented where employees are considered as an asset. Management on the other hand is task-oriented where employees are considered as mere machines. There are four main leadership theories namely; trait theory which states leaders are born not created (Bass Bass, 2009). Behavioural theory which focuses on leaders behaviour, based on which three types of leaders have been identified, autocratic leaders, democratic leaders and Laissez-faire leaders (Bass Bass, 2009). Contingency theory which suggests that leaders choice of leadership theory or style depends on situation and Power and influence theory which is concerned with how leaders use their powers and influence to get things done their way. Initially British Airways witnessed use of autocratic leadership style where complete decisions were made by top management and employees were expected to follow them. Contingency and power and influence leadership theory was also practiced in order to make employee more task oriented. This helped British Airways in surviving through though times. Leadership at British Airways has changed to more democratic and Laissez-faire where people are encouraged to provide input and participate in decision making. Virgin Atlantic Airways has witnessed use of democratic and transformational leadership style where people are expected to actively participate in decision making and realise their full potential. People are considered as primary asset of the company and deliver high quality performance. 2.2 How practice of management in the Virgin Atlantic Airways is underpinned by organisational theory Study of organisational theory is concerned with the study of structure of organisations (Ghemawat, 2008). There are four main types of organisational theories namely; Classical theory which is a mix of scientific management, administrative theory and bureaucratic theory; Human relations theory, Contingency theory and Modern system theory. A number of organisational theories underpin management practices in Virgin Atlantic Airways; however administrative theory and contingency theory are the two theories that govern their management practices. According to administrative theory management include planning, training, organising, coordination and commanding activities (Baligh, 2006). Contingency theory states that organisational relationships must change with change in external business environment in order to deliver high performance. Based on this Virgin Atlantic Airways has adopted a flexible and dynamic structure that can be changed with changing business needs. 2.3 Management approaches at Virgin Atlantic Airways Management approaches helps determining the overall performance of an organisation. There are four main types of management approaches namely; Classical which is goal oriented, human relations which is people oriented, system which is a mix of classical and human relations and contingency which is adapting to different approaches based on situation (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Virgin Atlantic Airways displays a human relations management approaches where it values its people above all rules and has a informal structure which provide enough flexibility to its employee who tend to deliver high quality performance. (3) LO 3 Using Motivational theories in organisations 3.1 Impact of leadership style on motivation of employees of Virgin Atlantic Airways in periods of change Effective leadership style is the key to effective change management and handling resistance to change (Holloway, 2014). Autocratic, democratic, bureaucratic, affiliative, transactional and transformational leadership style are the six most prominent leadership styles (Daft, 2014). Virgin Atlantic Airways owes its remarkable success to its leader Richard Branson who displays the use of democratic and transformational leadership style. Democratic leaders are also called as people-oriented leaders and are greatly concerned about their followers (Adair, 2009). Democratic leadership style encourages its followers to actively participate in decision making and choose their own ways of doing things. It is highly effective in motivating employees as they feel valuable and are engaged (Fairholm, 2009). Transformational leadership style encourages its followers to realise their full potential and display creativity at its best (Jr, 2005). It leads to high employee motivation as they are provi ded with ample opportunities and be a part of innovation. Thus, the application of effective leadership styles greatly enhances employee motivation at Virgin Atlantic Airways. 3.2 Different motivational theories applied within other airlines Motivated employees then to perform better which in turn result in increased organisational profitability (Herzberg, et al., 2011). Some of the most effective motivational theories applied by companies operating in airlines industry are; Frederick Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene Model: According to this theory job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is affected by two factors called motivators and hygiene (Miner, 2005). Motivators comprises of factors like work itself, promotions, advancement, recognition, feedback, roles and responsibilities etc (Luis, 2010). Hygiene include factors like companies rules and regulations, employee relationship, salary and incentives, work culture, job security etc. It is important to ensure that these factors are in place and work effectively in order to increase employee motivation. Fig.1.Source: Adair (2009) David McClelland's Three Social Motives: According to this theory need for affiliation, need for achievement and need for power are three main motivators within each individual which are greatly influence by work culture and life experiences (Odumeru Ogbonna, 2013). David McClellands Three Social Motives Fig.2.Source: Adair (2009) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: According to this theory every individual has a complex set of needs that can be arranged in a hierarchical pattern (Herzberg, et al., 2011). These needs when meet lead to high motivation. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Fig.3.Source: Adair (2009) 3.3 Usefulness of motivational theory for manager of Virgin Atlantic Airways Application of various motivational theories by managers of Virgin Atlantic Airways help them in developing a motivated work force who are ready to take the ownership of tasks assigned to them and work in coordination with each other to achieve desired organisational goals. Application of Frederick Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene theory helps ensuring that all hygiene factors are in place and work effectively (Graetz, et al., 2012). Virgin Atlantic Airways is not a pay master still employee love to be a part of it as it empowers its employee to use their creativity and openly share their views. They provide high job satisfaction which lead to high employee motivation. Application of David McClelland's Three Social Motives theory helps identifying the three motivators within individual employee and based on that they are allocated tasks and targets(Mukherjee, 2005). The company provide rewards and recognition to its employees and believing in promoting internal employees to leadership posi tions. Application of Needs hierarch theory helps in understanding the needs and future expectations of their employees better and providing them with roles that can help them achieve their goals(Mullins, 2011). All these theories help managers in keeping their employees motivated who deliver high quality performance. (4) LO 4 Developing effective teamwork in organisations 4.1 Structure of team and group behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways 4.2 Factors affecting development of effective teamwork in Virgin Atlantic Airways 4.3 Affect of technology on effective team work within Virgin Atlantic Airways Conclusion Organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways has enabled them in achieving their desired organisational goals and performance objectives. They have culture that leads to high employee motivation who in turn working in coordination with each other to deliver high customer satisfaction. Effective leadership style and management theories have helped them in achieving remarkable success in a very short span of time. Thus, the study of organisational behaviour is essential for smooth functioning of an organisation and its overall development. References Adair, J., (2009) Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. 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